Bayesian statistics

Artist's impression of the exoplanet Kepler-186f, which is the first known Earth-sized planet orbiting a star in the "habitable zone" – the range of distances from a star where liquid water might exist on the surface of an orbiting planet. Credit: NASA/Ames/SETI Institute/JPL–Caltech

Empty skies, big answers: What zero results teach us about life in the universe

Even if life is not found on other planets, clever survey designs and careful statistics can still reveal how rare, or common, life really is in the universe.